Barclays Bank PLC Is A Multinational Company free essay sample

Civilities to pull in exceptionally gifted and innovative people at extremely significant levels ? Convention of closeness to key clients and target clients A business can separate itself by playing out its current worth exercises or reconfiguring in some extraordinary manners. Furthermore, the manageability of that separation will rely upon two things: a continuation of its high seen an incentive to purchasers and an absence of impersonation by contenders. There are numerous option vital headings in which Barclaycard could actualize in their present methodology of separation. These may incorporate innovation advancement or item/administration separation. Item/administration separation Product separation happens when, inferable from contrasts in physical traits, auxiliary assistance, geographic area, data, as well as abstract picture, one firms items are plainly favored by probably a few purchasers over adversary items at a given cost (, 1990, ). For firms trying to make their interest bend less versatile, effective separation gives a protected situation against contenders by empowering firms to sell a bigger amount at a given cost or by permitting the firm to make brand unwaveringness in clients bringing about lower affectability to cost. We will compose a custom article test on Barclays Bank PLC Is A Multinational Company or on the other hand any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page This uniqueness may manufacture a passage boundary for contenders to defeat (, 1992; , 1980). Be that as it may, being one of a kind may require an exchange off with venture if accomplishing separation requires exorbitant exertion, for example, broad examination, item structure, top notch materials, or escalated client care. In this manner, the organizations utilizing the separation technique can't overlook expenses and hazard (, 1980). Level item separation centers around contrasts in quality assortment among contending brands. It happens when one brand contains a greater amount of certain qualities however less of some different ascribes in contrast with another brand (). Buyers various tastes will abuse varying solid and frail focuses among brands given indistinguishable costs (, 1992). The move towards industrialism is quickening with huge ramifications in a large number of the business sectors in which we work. In a general sense, our view is that commercialization includes a move in power from establishments towards purchasers. The fast change of the charge card industry †first with the cutting off of the customary tie between financial balances and Mastercards and second, with the rise of credit as a genuine product in the Mastercard business shows this so well. Customers in the past were thankful in the event that they got acknowledge it was viewed as a privilege allowed to an uncommon not many by a bank and consequently banks held control over people. The offer was the accessibility of credit. Innovation For the situation of Barclaycard, it is could improve its activities and upper hand through ongoing plan information driven apparatuses. This device would improve their credit limit systems and increment their enthusiasm gaining balances. A Fair, Isaac Model Builder for the choice trees might be utilized as this device utilizes recorded information to help with recognizing ideal record the executives systems. Reasonable, Isaac Model Builder for Decision Trees is a PC Windows based application planned explicitly to help information driven procedure structure. It enables banks to quickly make new methodologies continuously utilizing various execution measurements, to process huge datasets quickly so procedures anytime for more prominent comprehension of the portfolio and moves systems to and from creation application effortlessly, placing new techniques into creation quicker. This constant, profoundly intuitive methodology drastically abbreviates the time between technique creation and turn out. With Barclaycard destinations of the new procedures to expand enthusiasm bearing adjusts, increment turnover, control awful obligation, and address wearing down, Fair, Fair Isaac can be a major assistance for the association. While the normal number of cards in a person’s wallet has expanded in the course of the most recent five years, the incentive to a person of having different cards will reduce in a domain where credit is an item.

Dear Professor Chu Zhu Essay Example For Students

Dear Professor Chu Zhu: Essay I am an understudy in your CIS25 class. First I might want to saythat I discover the class amazingly animating, and I am enlivened to prevail with regards to finishing the course due to the significant degree of comprehension of working frameworks I will pick up from it. Be that as it may, I have worries that the course might be difficult to finish, except if the understudies renounce allother responsibilities and exercises, for example, going to different classes, dozing, and so on. These worries, which I share with other students,have been verified by our TAs, who have affirmed that the sizeof the ventures for CIS25 and the brief timeframe availableto do them are uncommon. I still unmistakably recall that you said it took you 20 hours to finish Assignment 2 of the venture. When I asked, Are you saying the (college) understudies ought to likewise have the option to finish the venture in 20 hours? you gave a grin and a shrug and stated, Why not? I had trusted that you were kidding, however now itappears that you were most certainly not. You impliedthat, so as to finish the undertaking in 20 hours, I should perform at the degree of an educator with a Ph.D. in Computer Science. In any case, we understudies don't have Ph.Ds , and with our constrained information and experience, I trust it will take us in any event 60 hours to do the venture. Over portion of the class is MIS major, with just 1 semester of C programming experience subsequently to hop directly into C++ appears to be very outlandish. Numerous CIS majors have not modified in some time since sophomore year hypothetical classes give next to no programming. Another difficult we have experienced is that working in bunches is considerably more troublesome than one would envision. We as a whole have various classes and various majors (CIS and MIS) which makes it hard for accomplices to meet and work together as required. Separating the task gives no arrangement either, on the grounds that every one of us needs to comprehend the whole assignmentfor the oral test. In this manner I trust it will be difficult to complete the task in under 60 hours, remembering that we are college understudies and practically we all have little information and no experience of the framework we are utilizing. I for one have gone to the lab and taken a shot at the task somewhere in the range of 3 and 4 hours every day overall, including ends of the week, however there is still a lot to do. I should concede thatthis isn't what I anticipated from Laney College, which should be a fine institution,so pleasegive us additional time or slice some assignments.According to my preferred book, Becoming a basic mastermind, the difficult that exists between us emerges from clashes in all actuality suppositions. Reality presumptions are convictions about what is valid and accurate about the world they depend on the exceptional experience and instruction of every person. As an exceptionally fruitful alumni of Stanford University, you can no uncertainty do the task serenely in 20 hours, anyway I think it is nonsensical to anticipate that us should fulfill your fantastic guidelines of scholarly accomplishment. All things considered, we are just college understudies with constrained PC involvement with a 2-year course at a junior college. Having said that, I am certain the individual exertion we make at Laney College is equivalent to that of the understudies at Berkeley or Stanford. Along these lines may I deferentially demand that you return to the assignments scheduled for the rest of the class and consider modifying them to set an increasingly attainable objective? Earnestly,

The Role of Oxytocin in Building Trusting and Loving Relationships

The Role of Oxytocin in Building Trusting and Loving Relationships The feelings of love, devotion, and trust are connected with complex processes in our brain. All of these emotions are closely related to one powerful and omnipresent hormone called oxytocin.Also known as the “love hormone”, it serves as a neurotransmitter that mostly participates in mental processes related to love, physical attraction and social interaction.Whenever we’re emotionally or physically stimulated, the level of oxytocin in our brain increases. That’s why this hormone plays a major role in a wide range of behaviors. From an early age when we bond with our parents to later periods in life, oxytocin is responsible for our emotional and social (in)stability.Due to its deep connection with positive emotions, it’s also closely related to trust. When we spend time with people who we trust, oxytocin levels rise.Although it’s usually mentioned in the positive context, it also has a less positive side. While oxytocin is a cohesive element with the people we love, it pl ays a secessionist role with the people we don’t like. As a result, it can enhance the feeling of love towards your group, but it can also amplify the feeling of prejudice to other groups.As we can see from this introduction, this hormone affects our brain in many different ways. That’s why we want to explain its functions as much as possible in the rest of this text.HOW DO WE FALL IN LOVE?We all know that we’re in love when we feel butterflies in the stomach. However, this is an oversimplified phrase for a multi-level set of processes inside our body. Many of them have something to do with oxytocin.First and foremost, you must have noticed that you don’t get equally attracted to all the people you meet. Some people trigger those butterflies in the stomach, while others don’t cause any reactions in your body whatsoever.For some of us, somebody is attractive, while for others they didn’t. On the one hand, the sense of attraction has its roots in social norms, such as the social and economic background.On the other, it’s caused and determined by numerous physiological elements.One of the most important features when it comes to physical attraction are pheromones. According to the definition provided by Encyclopedia Britannica, a pheromone is“any endogenous chemical secreted in minute amounts by an organism in order to elicit a particular reaction from another organism of the same  species.”Translated to humankind, these chemicals can make you feel attraction and affection towards other people.Pheromones are divided into several categories.Androstenol, androstenone, and copulinsFirstly, men and women produce and emit androstenol through their fresh sweat. To some people, this scent is interesting and attractive. This doesn’t mean that they’ll fall in love with you if they feel it, but it can be a trigger for other emotions.Unlike androstenol, there’s also a pheromone called androstenone. This one is basically an odor and it’s not pleasan t. When androstenol gets mixed with oxygen, you get androstenone. Basically, if you don’t take a shower after a gym training session, your pheromones will have a negative effect on other people.The only difference between men and women is that the latter don’t emit those pheromones as the former because they use deodorants more often. That’s why the pleasant smell of fresh sweat is usually associated with men.A pheromone produced only by women is copulins. Unlike some other women’s pheromones that can’t be felt by men, this one is detectable around a woman’s fertile window. That’s only one of the ways how the women’s body sends signals that it’s ovulating. When men feel this pheromone, they can become physically and emotionally inspired to approach the woman in question.Pheromones vs. oxytocinIn a nutshell, pheromones are like a love patrol that goes out to see what’s going on around the place. When pheromones land on a fertile ground (pun intended), we start fee ling those butterflies in the stomach. Further, some of us start blushing or stuttering, or simply can’t find the right word when they’re talking to the person they started to like.As you and the other party are growing more and more attracted to each other, the level of oxytocin is constantly rising. These oxytocin heights are the main reason why we feel so excited and elevated when we start dating someone.Also, it’s been proven that oxytocin is high when we’re cuddling, making love, or simply hugging and kissing. These gentle activities are especially beneficial for women, as explained in the article “10 Incredible Benefits of Cuddling That Make You Want to Cuddle Now”.While pheromones are directed towards the outside, oxytocin is strictly restricted to the brain area. Had there been no pheromones, it would be more difficult for us to feel exaltation and emotional pleasure. Because of that, pheromones and oxytocin can be quite useful as allies.EMOTIONAL COMMITMENTS AND BODY CHEMISTRYWe’ve analyzed how pheromones can contribute to higher oxytocin levels. Now let’s delve deeper into the matter of body chemistry and emotional commitments.First and foremost, it’s important to say that the chemical processes inside your brain are changing as you’re becoming more and more committed to only one person.Men, emotional commitments, and testosteroneAs Gad Saad, Ph. D. explained it in the article “Long-Term Relationships and Men’s Testosterone Levels”, single men and those who have started a relationship recently have similar levels of testosterone. Since their level of commitment is still lower, their testicles still produce high amounts of testosterone. This is mainly due to the fact that their brain sends them a message that they’re still ‘on the prowl’. It’s a simple evolutionary aspect of our mind and brain.However, men in long-term relationships tend to have a lower level of testosterone because their mind wants them to focus on t heir family, rather than sexual intercourses. This is even more obvious with men who have become fathers. Their main focus now is on providing things of their family, rather than sheer mating.Women, commitments, and estrogenThe level of estrogen is highest during puberty and when women are young.As they’re growing older, the level of estrogen is decreasing, only to get significantly reduced during the menopause.The study “Increasing women’s sexual desire: The comparative effectiveness of estrogens and androgens” has shown that a high level of estrogen increases women’s sexual desire. However, when they start a family and become mothers, the level of estrogen starts to drop. Instead of finding a proper partner with whom they can have children, women concentrate more on care and commitment to kids.This is why many women experience a drop of estrogen and sexual desire when they’re in happy, long-term relationships. Similar to men, the level of main women’s hormone becomes lower if they’re more committed to their partner.Still, the levels of testosterone and estrogen in loving partners who have children often match. They might be lower than in single people, but that’s still high enough to have a normal, regular sex life.Dopamine and SerotoninOften mentioned together with oxytocin, dopamine and serotonin are also feel-good hormones, together with endorphin. Each of them has its special functions so let’s get a bit deeper into their roles.Dopamine is a hormone that forces us to take action, pursue our needs, and move forward in life. People with high levels of dopamine are more likely to take risks in life, face new challenges, and make their lives better whenever possible.Since this hormone can be called the motivation hormone, it’s important to get our brain hooked on dopamine. For instance, when you’ve achieved your goals, reward yourself with something that your brain will appreciate. That way you’ll keep it rolling for new challenges, goals, and achievements. However, in case your brain produces extremely high amounts of dopamine, you might delve into an extreme reward-centered behavior.Serotonin, aka the happy hormone, is high when you’re feeling important, loved, and relevant. People who have low levels of serotonin often suffer from depression and anxiety. Belonging to a group that accepts you and supports you increases the levels of serotonin.This is why people join different extreme social groups â€" they feel important and their serotonin levels increase. Truth be told, being part of any group that recognizes your qualities will keep serotonin, but lack of this hormone explains why some people seek confirmation in illegal groups. This is where they find support, trust and social affirmation.Each of these hormones is included in the process of falling in love with someone. What’s more, each of them increases as our emotions become stronger and our bongs more intensive.If you want to learn more about oth er chemical processes in our brain when we’re falling in love, watch the video below. In this TED talk, biologist Dawn Maslar explains different physiological and evolutional aspects of the feelings we experience as we’re becoming more affectionate toward someone. OXYTOCIN VS. DOPAMINEWe’ve explained the main functions of oxytocin and discussed the elements of dopamine. If they’re both feel-good hormones, what’s the difference between them?As we’ve already pointed out, dopamine is basically the motivation chemical which helps us get things done. It can also be referred to as an evolutionary conditioned survival hormone. Simply put, without dopamine you wouldn’t have the willpower to get out of bed, have something to eat or meet other people.In other words, dopamine pushes you forward and maintains your motivation. Hence, it’s an important prerequisite for the production of oxytocin, as well. To be more precise, if your dopamine is low, you won’t be motivated to get out there and get in touch with someone you might fall in love with.Here’s also where pheromones can be added to this equation. As dopamine nudges you to strive for survival and become more active in your social surroundings, it makes way for pheromones to get released and noticed by other men and women.Once these two chemicals provide you with all the social, physiological and emotional conditions, you can get in a situation to kiss or hug someone, as well as cuddle and make love. These are all situations in which oxytocin is going up.If there wasn’t for dopamine (and pheromones), you might never get a chance to experience the feeling of excitement and enthusiasm, caused by oxytocin. Therefore, it’s logical that neither of these hormones can work on its own. Since both oxytocin and dopamine are neurotransmitters, they’re connected with many other parts of the brain. As such, they make a large group of interdependent chemicals that function on the basis of chain reactions.T herefore, you should leave as healthy a lifestyle as possible in order to keep all those hormones in harmony.Please, check out the video below to find out some additional details about the connection between oxytocin and dopamine, as well as other feel-good hormones. WHEN FALLING IN LOVE BECOMES DEEPER LOVEWhen the butterflies-in-the-stomach stage is through, you start feeling less excited and more committed to the person you love. Yes, this is the right moment to replace the phrase ‘falling in love’ with the noun ‘love’.As you can see, the language is pretty accurate here: first you’re falling in love, which is a continuous process, and then you are in love, which is a state.Now that you’re in love, the brain gets into that specific mood.As we’ve already said, men and women have higher levels of testosterone and estrogen, respectively, when they’re single. Also, these levels still stay high when they’re at the beginning of a romantic or physical relationship.As yo u and your partner grow closer and more committed to each other, the levels of testosterone and estrogen drop a bit. When you get children, they drop a bit more, especially estrogen. This is so because women naturally concentrate on their children’s needs and upbringing.It’s important to draw a line between testosterone, estrogen and oxytocin because they’re all closely related.When you’re in love with someone for ages, your levels of testosterone or estrogen can be quite low, but oxytocin can still be high. This is when love between two people becomes a deep and committed relationship full of mutual trust and understanding.This interdependence is nicely explained in the article “Love, actually: The science behind lust, attraction, and companionship”, published on the Harvard University blog.In this test, author Katherine Wu highlights that the initial period of love relationship, i.e. the stage of lust, is marked by high levels of estrogen and testosterone. When you sta rt feeling strong physical and emotional desire toward someone, it’s clear that these two hormones are running high in your bodies.The next stage â€" attraction â€" is about dopamine and serotonin. The first one drives you forward to new experiences with that same person and makes you feel good about each new milestone you reach on both emotional and physical field.The third stage â€" companionship â€"highlights oxytocin as the central hormone that dominates your brain. This is the comfort zone for both people in a stable, committed relationship. They feel completeTHE CONNECTION BETWEEN LOVE AND TRUSTIt would be wrong to claim that we feel love and trust only in romantic and sexual relationships.On the contrary, the entire process explained above isn’t restricted to love between partners.Our brain reacts in a similar way when we’re establishing friendships and other forms of social relationships. At first, you feel comfortable and pleasant talking to someone and spending time with them. A good example is the situation in which you enroll a university or start working in a new company. In both of these cases, you meet a group of new people. With some of them you develop true and honest friendships, while with others you keep a distance.With the exception of the lust stage, the feelings of love and trust work the same way in both romantic relationships and friendships. You like spending time with someone and you start to trust them.We’ve already written about depression at work in our article “Dealing with Depression at Work: What You Need to Know”. In order to cope with this issue in a successful way, it’s clever to develop deeper relationships with some people at work. Knowing that you can count on someone there will make every potential problem easier to solve.Since emotions and hormones are variables, the level of oxytocin starts to drop when someone betrays your trust. Again, the pattern is similar in both romantic relationships and social act ivities.If you think that someone has let you down, the level of oxytocin will decrease. Hence, this drop is closely related to the feelings of disappointment and abandonment.We all react differently to such emotional traumas, which is why there’s no universal one-size-fits-all rule. But if you want to reduce the probability that you’ll get hurt, you should make better choices when it comes to friends and partners. The article “Oxytocin: is it really a trust hormone? Maybe we should choose who to trust”, published by The Guardian brings an interesting insight into the matter of choice.HOW DO WE STOP BEING IN LOVE?How does it happen that you stop having strong emotions for someone for whom you were once ready to do anything in the world?The answer is, as it usually is the case with emotions, complex and indefinite.First of all, life can be merciless to both partners and the challenges each of us faces every day can be quite exhausting.What’s more, the feelings of love, trus t, and companionship reduce the levels of testosterone and estrogen. Since emotions aren’t stable, one of the partners can start feeling urges that are different from the ones he or she has been feeling for ages.For instance, a woman in her thirties can realize that she wants more from life than being married. While this doesn’t have to mean that she doesn’t love her partner, such a thought can nudge her toward the end of the relationship.Likewise, a married man could feel that he doesn’t feel as much attention from his wife as he used to. Daily family errands, work obligations and the natural decrease of hormones can lead to a stalemate in every relationship.Love ends when chemistry wanesCertain drops in the level testosterone and estrogen are expected and natural in long-term relationships. So, these hormones could be lower, but couples can have a perfectly healthy and exciting romantic life for many years.However, if the production of all the feel-good hormones drops low, this can lead to serious problems. Do you know that feeling when your partner hugs you or kisses you and you feel nothing? This means that their touch doesn’t stimulate the production of oxytocin anymore. The article “Divorce Rate Linked To Oxytocin Levels; How The Love Hormone Influences Marriage Success” on the Medical Daily website analyzes the correlation between the divorce rate and oxytocin levels.In line with that, dopamine and serotonin can also drop to a pretty low level.That’s why people who are breaking up or getting divorced are often desperate and physically ill. It’s not something they want. It’s the nature of things.To end a long story short, every love comes to an end when the chemical processes in our brain related to our partner don’t make us feel good anymore. Some people stay together in spite of these changes. However, most couples realize that it’s better to start searching for someone who will give them the new dose of oxytocin.CONCLUSIONWe lo ve and care and commit ourselves to others as a result of emotional, physical and social elements. Each of them has its specific features, but they all function together when it comes to our relationships with other people. Both friendships and romantic relationships are based on similar expectations.We feel sympathy or affection for someone, which then grows into the feelings of committed love and trust. Chemical processes in our brain play an important role in all these feelings and relationships.Although we need such experiences to realize what makes us happy and what doesn’t bring joy, it’s wise to be careful in those relationships. If you play your cards with both heart and brain, you could always have an ace up your sleeve that will keep the oxytocin levels high.As a result, you’ll manage to feel good as much as possible and avoid some potential disappointments.

Elizibethan Religious Settlement Essay - 1952 Words

Elizabethan Religious Settlement The Elizabethan Religious Settlement was Elizabeth I’s response to the religious divisions created over the reigns of Henry VIII, Edward VI and Mary I. This response, described as The Revolution of 1559,[1] was set out in two Acts of the Parliament of England. The Act of Supremacy of 1559 re-established the Church of England’s independence from Rome, with Parliament conferring on Elizabeth the title Supreme Governor of the Church of England, while the Act of Uniformity of 1559 set out the form the English church would now take, including the establishment of the Book of Common Prayer. When Mary died in 1558, Elizabeth succeeded to the throne. One of the most important concerns during Elizabeth’s early†¦show more content†¦The queen also appointed a new Privy Council, removing many Roman Catholic counsellors by doing so. Queen Elizabeth I of England reached a moderate religious settlement which became controversial after her death. Act of Uniformity The Act of Uniformity 1558, which required the population to attend Sunday service in an Anglican church, at which a new version of the Book of Common Prayer was to be used, passed by only three votes.[5] The Bill of Uniformity was more cautious than the initial Reformation Bill. It revoked the harsh laws proposed against Roman Catholics, it removed the abuse of the Pope from the litany and kept the wording that allowed for both a subjective and objective belief in the Real Presence in the Communion. After Parliament was dismissed, Elizabeth, along with Cecil, drafted what are known as the Royal Injunctions, 1559. These were additions to the settlement and largely stressed some continuity with the Catholic past: ministers were ordered to wear the surplice; wafers, as opposed to ordinary bakers bread, were to be used as the bread at Communion. There had been opposition to the settlement in the shires, which for the most part were largely Roman Catholic, so the changes are often said t o have been made in order to allow for acceptance of the

Critical Analysis J.Alfred Prufrock - 2179 Words

At the beginning of T. S. Eliot s poem The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock, there stands an epigraph from Dantes Inferno, Canto 27. This epigraph unifies the text and brings, through its imagery and context, a deeper understanding of Eliots poem. Prufrock represents both of the characters in this section of the Inferno, corresponding to Dante in the first section and Guido da Montefeltro in the second and third. Dante represents the antithesis of Prufrock as well as the ideal that Prufrock strives for. The flame-bound Guido da Montefeltro represents through his words and condition, the isolated and wasteful state that Prufrock has condemned himself to inhabit. In this manner, the epigraph brings the poem full circle, allowing the reader†¦show more content†¦However, the epigraph also makes a social comment about how modern life can isolate and destroy individual self-worth. Prufrock does not ask the overwhelming question because he fears judgment and rejection. His self-consciousness, produced by the society around him, brutalizes him from within. He says, With a bald spot in the middle of my hair / (they will say: how his hair is growing thin!) and My necktie rich and modest, but asserted by a simple pin / (They will say: how his arms and legs are thin!) Prufrock has been filled with painful insecurity because he has been formulated, sprawling on a pin by the people around him. The refore, to return alive from this pit as Guido says, would mean to rise above the constrictions and cruel judgementalism of modern life: a truly heroic act. Prufrock, crushed under the pressures of modern life, crumbles from within. He shuts himself off from society and the woman that he loves: all because of his deep self-loathing and fear. This internal catastrophe describes the isolating and lonely nature of modern existence, where cultural norms become internalized and people watch themselves, as from the guard tower of a prison, hoping to catch themselves in the act of individualizing before becoming a deviant in the eyes of society. The poems epigraph fuses all of these concepts and figures together into a summation that brings the reader a deeper and richer understanding of the poem, and another powerfulShow MoreRelatedANALIZ TEXT INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS28843 Words   |  116 Pagesï » ¿TEXT INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS The purpose of Text Interpretation and Analysis is a literary and linguistic commentary in which the reader explains what the text reveals under close examination. Any literary work is unique. It is created by the author in accordance with his vision and is permeated with his idea of the world. The reader’s interpretation is also highly individual and depends to a great extent on his knowledge and personal experience. That’s why one cannot lay down a fixed â€Å"model†

The Beginning of the Israeli Palestinian Conflict Free Essays

string(84) " was attacked almost simultaneously by Lebanese, Iraqi, Egyptian and Syrian troops\." The beginning of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict Sebastien Steigmeier ESL071 Professor Waldrop April 23, 2011 Everybody saw it on television, in the newspaper or maybe heard it on the radio, the last century held many different conflicts in Gaza Strip. Basically, people know that Israel and Palestine are fighting for that land, each one pretending that they deserve it. A survey, done on CBU students, shows that most of them don’t know anything about the conflict. We will write a custom essay sample on The Beginning of the Israeli Palestinian Conflict or any similar topic only for you Order Now The only ones who knew a little bit about it were sure that Israel wanted the land to build a Jewish state after the tragedy of the World War II. I asked a few students some questions before doing my survey to get a basic idea of their knowledge. Then I realized that I would probably have to ask different questions considering their lack of knowledge on the topic. Out of the nine students taking time to answer my questions, six had no idea what to answer and two said that Israel wanted the land as â€Å"compensation† after the Holocaust. Let’s take a look at the history, and consider facts that will help us understanding what are the reasons why Zionists (it’s important not to confuse Zionists and Jews) and Palestinian Arabs are fighting. Emerging a long time ago, this idea of having a land to bring Jewish people together came out in 1897. From August 29 to August 31 of that year, occurred in Basel, Switzerland (I swear I didn’t know that) the first Zionist Congress, held by the World Zionist Organization. Theodor Herzl who was named as the first President and who also was the author of â€Å"Der Judenstaat† (â€Å"the Jewish State†) was the initiator of that congress. The Zionist Congress travelled through many different European cities, and was held every two years from 1897 to 1946, except during the two World Wars. As an answer to the question â€Å"why do Zionists want to take that land? † most people answer that they want a land because they want to build a Jewish State to stay together in peace after the Holocaust. History proves them wrong by showing that Zionists are trying to steal that land for more than a century, and the Holocaust happened only seventy years ago. Even though Arabs were killed by Zionists attacks during the 1940’s, in 1947, the United Nations decided to split the land and to give half of it to the Jews. We can say that the seven millions of Jews who were killed during the World War II didn’t die for nothing, as compassion made the United Nations allow them to steal half of a country. Sure, what happened during the Holocaust was terrible, but I don’t think that Zionists should use it to claim â€Å"their† land. There is no land on earth that belongs to a religious group. A lot of religious groups are gathered together in the same area which is fine, but no religious group tries to make an independent country for a religion. What would you think if all the atheist Mexicans come together and say: â€Å"We are going to take the Southern California and make it a Atheist State† It makes no sense. But the United Nations decided to agree with the Zionists and gave them a part of the Arab Palestinian territory. This was called the â€Å"partition plan† and was voted by the United Nations General Assembly on November 29, 1947. Palestinian Arabs felt violated of course, and the day after, on November 30th they reacted violently. It led to what experts call â€Å"The Civil War in Mandatory Palestine†. The Civil War lasted until May 14, 1948 with the Jewish victory. On that day, Israel declared its independence. The British army, who was supposed to maintain order in Palestine, was preparing its withdrawal and didn’t really have a finger in the pie. Great-Britain’s mandate over the Palestinian territory was expiring on May 15; Israel declared its independence on May 14 because May 15 was Shabbat, as the story says. The day after, another important war started, the â€Å"1948 Arab-Israeli War† also known as the â€Å"War of independence† or the â€Å"War of Liberation†. With Israel declaring its independence, the Arab neighbors of â€Å"the State of Israel† started to invade on May 15, showing their disagreement with the decisions that were made by the United Nations. The 1948 Arab-Israeli War happened in three phases, each phase being separated by some truce agreement. As the Soviet Union, Iran and the United States recognized Israel as a free State, the League of Arab States sent a letter to the United Nations Secretary General, to proclaim its idea of building what they called the â€Å"United State of Palestine† instead of splitting the country in a Jewish and Arab two states â€Å"country†. That letter, also known as the Cablegram from the Secretary-General of the League of Arab States to the Secretary-General of the United Nations, Folke Bernadotte, contained what was at that time a great idea, and maybe a good opportunity to try to solve the problem. Basically, they wanted to establish a single and democratically ruled state. This cablegram contained ten points that were asked to be presented in front of the General Assembly and the Security Council. Each point was reminding facts and history, to explain how that territory belonged to Arabs, but also points that showed how Arabs were ready to share it in a democratic way with the Jews living in the same area. The Israelis said that the plan was not even considerable because Jews were a majority in the areas that were given to the Jewish State. At that time, China supported the Arabs, while the United States, Iran and the Soviet Union considered that the Arabs were entering the Israeli territory illegally. Egypt, who was on the Arabs’ side of course enter the conflict by bombing Tel-Aviv in response to previous provocation. The whole all around Arab world followed, and Israel was attacked almost simultaneously by Lebanese, Iraqi, Egyptian and Syrian troops. You read "The Beginning of the Israeli Palestinian Conflict" in category "Papers" But as Israel was a freshly new established state, Jews from all around the world were joining, making the average number of immigrant reaching 10,300 by month! That was really helpful to Israel who could increase its military forces amazingly. By the day of the declaration of Independence, the Israeli strength was just above 29,000. At the end of the year, on December 30, the military forces counted more than 108,000 soldiers. Israel increased in number, but also found ways to get some more military equipment such as planes, weapons and armed vehicles. The war was on; both sides were bombing and fighting each other. The conflict lasted for a little bit more than three weeks. The United Nations called for a truce on May 29, but both sides kept on fighting till June 11. That truce lasted for 28 days and was ending the first phase of the 1948 war. The ceasefire was overviewed by military officers from different countries, such as France, Belgium, United States or Sweden, all picked by the United Nations. This ceasefire had no other goal than just getting ready to fight again for both sides. The Arabs used it to reinforce their positions with new and fresh soldiers while the Israeli were buying new weapons from Czechoslovakia, and sending new soldiers on the field too. There were around 30,000 Israeli soldiers when the truce was announced and a little bit more than 65,000 when the truce ended. Still during the truce, Folke Bernadotte was trying to find a way to settle the land politically. He was facing what he described as his obstacles: â€Å"the Arab world’s continued rejection of the existence of a Jewish state, whatever its borders; Israel’s new ‘philosophy’, based on its increasing military strength, of ignoring the partition boundaries and conquering what additional territory it could; and the emerging Palestinian Arab refugee problem† (Morris, Benny. 948: A History of the First Arab-Israeli War) Bernadotte also presented his idea of a new plan of partition as following, that a union â€Å"be established between the two sovereign states of Israel and Jordan (which now included the West Bank); that the Negev, or part of it, be included in the Arab state and that Western Galilee, or part of it, be included in Israel; that the whole of Jerusalem be part of the Arab state, with the Jewish areas enjoying municipal autonomy and that Lydda Airport and Haifa be ‘free ports’—presumably free of Israeli or Arab sovereignty† (same source). Israel didn’t agree with that plan because they wanted Jerusalem, but they agreed to lengthen the truce for one more month. The Arabs rejected both the plan and the truce and on July 8 Egypt bombed Negba, which was an Israeli position. (Alfred A. Knopf. A History of Israel from the Rise of Zionism to Our Time. New York. 1976. p. 330. ) This attack on the â€Å"Israeli territory† launched the second phase of the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. The second phase lasted only ten days but it was sufficient for the Israeli soldiers to perform a lot of operations, with the most famous one, Operation Danny. It had for goal to secure two of the most important cities (Jerusalem and Tel Aviv) and also the roads linking both those cities. The Jewish military forces launched a few other operations during those ten days conquering more territory and more dominance. The United Nations succeeded in calling another truce on July 18, which led to an almost two months break. Bernadotte again proposed a new partition plan on September 16 with a fair â€Å"distribution† of the territories and the internationalization of Jerusalem. A militant Zionist group, Lehi, was scared that the Jewish Government would accept the plan so they assassinated Bernadotte in Jerusalem the day after. What Lehi didn’t know is that meanwhile they were planning their operation both the Arab and Israeli Government already rejected the plan and were preparing to fight again the next month. This was the end of the second truce. On October 15, the war started again, and both sides were conquering and losing some territories, and clue cities. The British army, who said that they were agreeing with the United Nations when it was time to make decisions finally realized that Israeli positions were going maybe a little bit too far in Egypt as they were approaching the Suez Canal, which was controlled by Great Britain and pretty useful. On November 20, the Israeli shot down a photo-taking-plane sent by the British. The day after, four British routine reconnaissance planes were also shot down by the Israeli, killing one of the four pilots and taking the three other ones as hostages. The rest of the squadron realizing that the four planes were not coming back went to look for them and also was attacked by the Israeli. Maybe that if Great Britain had decided earlier to seriously care about what was happening in Gaza Strip before it messed with their personal profits, they wouldn’t have lost those pilots. People don’t care about the Israeli-Palestinian conflict until they might lose something. The British army was supposed to maintain order over the Palestinian territory before the war started. As said earlier, they were preparing their withdrawal and they let the Jews attack the Arabs while they still were there. It didn’t matter to them because they were leaving. But years later, when they realized that Israeli Forces were about to take control on the Suez Canal, they understood that if they wanted to keep it they would have to do something (or maybe should have done something by the past). The Jews were not only firing the planes but also finding the planes on the ground after shooting them, removing the usable pieces and then burning the rest to make sure that it would be useless. Tired of being shot down by the Israeli, who were saying that they could not difference them from the Arabs (really? , the British painted their planes’ wings to be more recognizable. The Jews started to understand that they were in a dangerous position and that fighting in Egypt was maybe a stupid idea, so they retired from Egypt and stopped fighting. At the end of the year 1948, the United Nations General Assembly voted for the â€Å"Resolution 194† which said that â€Å"refugees wishing t o return to their homes and live in peace with their neighbors should be permitted to do so† and that â€Å"compensation should be paid for the property of those choosing not to return. (Efraim Karsh, The Palestinians and The ‘Right of Return’ Commentary Magazine, May 2001. ) In the beginning of 1949, Israel started signing armistices with Egypt first, and with Lebanon, Jordan and Syria later. But this wasn’t fair. According to Leon Carl Brown â€Å"†¦ when the war ended in 1949, Israel was in control of about one-third more territory (some 2,500 square miles) than it had been allocated by the United Nations partition plan† (Leon Carl Brown (2004). Diplomacy in the Middle East: the international relations of regional and outside powers. I. B. Tauris. pp. 126) letting the Arabs with only Gaza Strip and the West Bank under control. After having its territory secured, Israel evicted the Arabs that were remaining on the new Jewish State. More than 700,000 Arabs were forced to leave their home and were told that they would never be allowed to come back in Israel or in any neighboring Arab country but Transjordan. Those Arabs were known as the Palestinian Refugees. â€Å"Arab-Israel Conflict. † The Continuum Political Encyclopedia of the Middle East. Ed. Avraham Sela. New York: Continuum, 2002. pp. 58-121. ) The conflict never really stopped, and by the Jordanian border there were always some kind of operations launched by both sides. In 1955, Israel killed 37 Egyptian soldiers in Gaza on a raid. After this attack, Egypt started to build a more serious army, by training the volunteers remaining in Gaza and making them â€Å"F edayeen† (â€Å"those who sacrifice†) forces. Years later, in 1967, Israel attacked the Egyptian forces in Gaza Strip and the Jordanian forces in the West Bank, annexing both the lands and taking control over Jerusalem. This conflict is known as the Six-Day War. To summarize quickly: as if receiving half of a land was not enough, Israel started a conflict with the real owners, after having more than what they should have got, they fight again because they want it entirely. What else could they do to mock the Arabs a little bit more? They named the freshly acquired Jerusalem as the Capital city of the Jewish state. When you become aware of what happened since 1897, it is hard not to feel compassion for the Palestinian Arabs who were stolen and killed because Zionists decided that they deserved a land. Of course the Arabs were not white as snow after the conflict began and they also killed some of the Israeli forces soldiers. But with the Great Britain just watching instead of acting as they should have done, I feel like the Arabs did the right thing fighting back. Who could say with integrity that they should not have fought back and let the Jews steel their land? In my opinion, no one. References A history of Conflict. BBC News http://news. bbc. co. uk/2/shared/spl/hi/middle_east/03/v3_ip_timeline/html/default. stm Benny, Morris. 1948: A History of the First Arab-Israeli War Karsh, Efraim. (2001). The Palestinians and The ‘Right of Return Commentary Magazine. Knopf, Alfred A. (1976). A History of Israel from the Rise of Zionism to Our Time. New York. Kurtzer, Daniel. Lasensky, Scott. Negotiating Arab-Israeli peace: American leadership in the Middle East, United States Institute of Peace (readable on Google books) Palestine Refugees. The UN agency for Palestine Refugees. http://www. unrwa. org/etemplate. php? id=86 Pappe, Ilan. The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine. The Middle East Quarterly (2006) http://www. meforum. org/1886/the-ethnic-cleansing-of-palestine Frequently Asked Questions About Israel. Israel Ministry Of Foreign Affairs. (2001) http://www. mfa. gov. il/MFA/MFAArchive/2000_2009/2001/11/Frequently%20Asked%20Questions%20About%20Israel#refugee Green, Peter. ISRAEL and the Palestine right of return. (2003) http://wais. stanford. du/Israel/israel_andthepalestinerightofreturn51603. html Arnett, Peter. Palesinian-Israeli Conflict. http://www. azdema. gov/museum/famousbattles/pdf/Palestinian-Israeli%20Conflict-072809. pdf Survey from April 22, 2011 (see next page) Oral communication, April 22nd, 2011, California Baptist University Have you ever heard of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict? Do you know why Israeli and Palestinian are fighting? Do you know since when they are fighting? If you answered the previous questions, who do you think is right? How to cite The Beginning of the Israeli Palestinian Conflict, Papers

Political Sciences - The President and Political Parties

Question: Describe about the Political Sciences - The President and Political Parties. Answer: In the essay, Sidney Milkis tries to examine the relationship between American political parties and presidency to align the fractured relationship with Clintons rule. Every political party has its own ethics and values and these norms vary from country to country (Arter 2013). However, in western countries like USA, the ideological relationship between prime minister and the party is not generally found. American political system is greatly influenced by two political parties; one is Republican Party and other is Democratic Party. American people losing their faith on the political system because in other countries democracy is divided in terms of wealth or power; but in USA it is divided on the separation of powers between the state government and federal government (Otjes and Rasmussen 2015). As a result, there are lots of differences between the opinions of the president and the opinions provided by the political parties. As a result, the citizens of this country are getting frus trated over the US government. In other sections, the author tries to identify that whether the party makes the president or the president makes the party. The major reason behind this is to get the answer of an important question that of the president changes his route from his party he can become a successful leader or not (Webb 2016). Another issue which has been highlighted in this essay is that out of all the presidents starting from Roosevelt to Obama, Andrew Jackson is one of dynamic leaders who can lead the entire country in a right direction. Jackson had a fiery attitude with a strong will to only reshape the party rules and regulations but also to think about the common people and their sentiments (Bateman 2016). Andrew Jackson proved himself amongst so many leaders by enhancing the loyalties and solidifies the relationship with the external world as well as internal party norms through a strong political system. In order to evaluate the complex relationship between the political parties and president, the author has taken the example of Obama. Opinions of president Obama always contradict with the norms and values of two political parties ruling over the USA. The perfect example of this case is the brinkmanship strategies made by congress to make the national budget of the country (Ebeling 2015). However, this party refused the proposed budget of Obama; as a result the federal government was shut down for the next sixteen years. This kind of contradiction is the greatest barrier for a president to put his abilities properly for the welfare of the nation. There are many other cases where the party went against the president and this ideological split slows down the progress of the entire nation (Kreider 2015). This kind of contradiction is very difficult to handle tricky situations like handling recessions, reformation of the health care and other social issues like same sex relationships. Through this essay, Sidney Milkis has highlighted key point that due to the division of powers, the legislature, the judiciary and the executive are quite different from both the aspects of personalities and powers (PHILLIPS 2012). The citizens of the country always want a leader who will not only win the election but will also use the authorization power for the welfare of the country. However, it has been observed that after getting the power, most of the leaders use it for their own benefits. A party not only chose a leader but also consists of people who have different values, knowledge and beliefs. It is not possible to satisfy everyone as every people has different kinds of expectations (Clark 2015). Therefore, proper alignment between the party leader and the party is very necessary but is very difficult to find out in the western countries like USA. References Arter, D. 2013. "When New Party X Has The 'X Factor: On Resilient Entrepreneurial Parties".Party Politics22 (1): 15-26. doi:10.1177/1354068813509523. Bateman, David. 2016. "Separation Of Powers And Legislative Organization: The President, Senate, And Political Parties In The Making Of House Rules. By Gisela Sin. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2014.".The Journal Of Politics78 (2): e11-e12. doi:10.1086/685841. Clark, A. 2015. "The Relationship Between Political Parties And Their Regulators".Party Politics. doi:10.1177/1354068815616027. Ebeling, M. 2015. "Epistemic Political Egalitarianism And The Role Of Political Parties".Political Theory. doi:10.1177/0090591715605352. Kreider, K. L. 2015. "Robert C Wigton, The Parties In Court: American Political Parties Under The Constitution, Reviewed By Kyle L Kreider".Party Politics22 (1): 138-139. doi:10.1177/1354068815615271. Otjes, S. and A. Rasmussen. 2015. "The Collaboration Between Interest Groups And Political Parties In Multi-Party Democracies: Party System Dynamics And The Effect Of Power And Ideology".Party Politics. doi:10.1177/1354068814568046. PHILLIPS, HAYDEN. 2012. "The Funding Of Political Parties". The Political Quarterly 83 (2): 318-324. doi:10.1111/j.1467-923x.2012.02311.x. Webb, P. 2016. "Danny Rye, Political Parties And The Concept Of Power: A Theoretical Framework, Reviewed By: Paul Webb".Party Politics22 (4): 563-564. doi:10.1177/1354068816642890.